Tony Barnett is Economic and Social Research Council Professorial Research Fellow at the Development Studies Institute, London School of Economics. Professor Barnett's research interests centre around the effects of HIV/AIDS on rural livelihoods in Africa and Asia and the social and economic effects of the epidemic. He has made an audit of the impact of HIV/AIDS on commercial, voluntary and public organizations, costing the epidemic and in particular costing in relation to social reproduction and hedonic loss. He has also worked on the availability and costs of anti-retroviral treatments in Africa.

Sarah Cliffe joined the World Bank in 1996. She has worked on economic reconstruction, governance and poverty reduction initiatives in several post-conflict countries. Prior to joining the Bank, she worked for the UN Development Program in Rwanda, the Government of South Africa, and the Congress of South African Trade Unions, as well as for a major management consultancy company in the United Kingdom on public sector reform issues. She holds degrees in History and Economic Development from Cambridge and Columbia Universities. Since joining the Bank, her work has covered poverty reduction strategies in Ethiopia, Rwanda and Burundi and anti-corruption initiatives in Indonesia. She was chief of mission for the Bank's program in East Timor from 1999 to 2002. She now coordinates the Bank's initiative for low-income countries under stress, which aims to improve the Bank's effectiveness in countries which have suffered prolonged conflict or governance problems.

• The hypothesis that HIV/AIDS contributes to state fragility needs to be tested empirically using a large-n cross-country comparison. There are now sufficient indicators for state effectiveness and fragility that it will be possible to draw very general lessons about the possible, and demonstrated, relationship between HIV/AIDS and state fragility. It is likely that such a relationship exists only under certain specific conditions, and this research activity should allow for at least a preliminary specification of those conditions, while also exploring why it is that states have shown greater-than-expected resilience. Having obtained a broad if superficial examination, cluster three will also seek to obtain in-depth analysis of specific cases.
• One specific research question is the impact of high-prevalence HIV/AIDS epidemics on small states, which already have very limited human resources and capabilities. 9 Examples include small Pacific island states, East Timor and the southern African micro- states, namely Lesotho and Swaziland. Although small, countries such as this can consume vast amounts of assistance and diplomatic energy if they are plunged into crisis. They warrant special detailed attention. In this context, it will be necessary to convene an additional research consultation for researchers working in south-east Asia and the south Pacific.
• The scaling back of fears about the security impacts of the HIV/AIDS pandemic has, as a concomitant, a geographical focusing in on certain countries. The region of gravest concern must be southern Africa, which has the combination of very high HIV prevalence and also a number of weak states. However, states that warrant concern for very specific reasons are distributed across the world. There are different reasons to be concerned with Pacific island states, Burma, East Timor, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Haiti, as well as a host of states in east, central and west Africa. There is also reason for concern in particular parts of China, India, Russia and Ukraine, and it may be possible to address some of these specific provincial issues with targeted research.
• Another research question is an examination of human resource capacities in very poor, under-resourced states such as Malawi and Zambia. The level of human resource attrition in these countries, from an already low base, caused by a combination of AIDS mortality, professional emigration and competition from the private sector for scarce skilled personnel, led to predictions that these governments would simply “fade.” It is time to examine the data for whether this has indeed occurred, and if so, how; and if not, why not. In both Malawi and Zambia, civil service data exist which could be examined in order to test the “fading state” hypothesis. This will require close collaboration and buy- in from the relevant authorities.
• The largest and most significant country potentially at risk from an AIDS-related governance crisis is South Africa. To date, South Africa’s main governing institutions and its economy have confounded the pessimists and proved remarkably resilient in the face of the AIDS crisis. The researchers who have taken the lead in investigating this issue are concluding that the main governance crisis is occurring at the level of local government, which has been inadequately studied to date. Another research activity for this cluster is therefore to extend the study of AIDS impacts to South African local government.
• The second main exercise of cluster three is to examine how best to design and implement HIV/AIDS policies and programmes in a fragile state. These states fall broadly into two categories: those in which the government has collapsed or is ineffective, and those in which the government is dictatorial and repressive. East Timor, Papua New Guinea and several African states fall into the first category, Burma/Myanmar into the second. There are ongoing research activities into how ARVs are provided in Haiti and in parts of Mozambique in which government services are very weak, and into the question of how the Global Fund and other major AIDS organizations decided to withdraw, or stay, in Burma. This research could be augmented by additional study of Papua New Guinea.

Research Projects

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